Greener Mining with Silicon Photonics

Saturday - May 6 2023, 03:31 UTC - 1 year ago

Researchers at Stanford University have developed a new low-energy computing scheme called LightHash, which is the first photonic blockchain designed. It improves the energy consumption of cryptocurrency and blockchain applications by up to ten-fold while maintaining the same level of security. Applications include data transfer, smart contracts, and voting.

Researchers have developed a new light-based computing scheme that uses a photonic integrated circuit to reduce the energy necessary for cryptocurrency and blockchain applications. Mining cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin—a process of verifying transactions and adding new cryptocurrency to the blockchain—consumes up to 1% of the world's energy. This energy expenditure is expected to grow as cryptocurrency and blockchain applications become increasingly mainstream.

Cryptocurrencies are digital currencies created using encryption algorithms. These alternative currencies require a blockchain—a type of digital ledger that records information such as transactions in a way that is difficult or impossible to change or hack.

"Currently, cryptocurrency mining is only accessible to those that have access to highly discounted energy—below $0.05/kWh," said first author Sunil Pai, who performed the research at Stanford and is now at the quantum computing company PsiQuantum. "Our low-energy chips will make it possible for individuals all over the world to participate in mining profitably." .

In Optica the researchers detail their new scheme called LightHash, which uses a photonic integrated circuit to create a photonic blockchain. With further development, the researchers predict that this approach, if implemented on a large scale, could produce a roughly ten-fold improvement in energy use compared to the best modern digital electronic processors. David A.B. Miller co-led the Stanford University research team with Shanhui Fan and Olav Solgaard.

"Our approach to photonic blockchain could also be used for applications beyond cryptocurrency such as securely transferring data for medical records, smart contracts and voting," said Pai. "This work paves the way for low-energy optical computing, which, ultimately, can reduce data centers' energy consumption." .

--- Greener mining with silicon photonics --- .

Growing concerns about the large amount of energy required to mine cryptocurrencies have caused some popular ones such as Ethereum to shift to unproven and potentially insecure schemes to minimize their carbon footprint.

To find a more eco-friendly approach while maintaining a high level of security, Pai and colleagues use silicon photonics to reduce the energy requirements of cryptocurrency networks. LightHash improves upon a scheme the team previously developed called HeavyHash that is currently used in cryptocurrency networks such as Optical Bitcoin and Kaspa.

"The major motivation for LightHash was HeavyHash's high sensitivity to hardware error," said Pai. "Since analog computers, including photonic ones, struggle to achieve low error rates, we designed LightHash to maintain all the security properties of HeavyHash, while improving its robustness to error." .

Securely creating Bitcoin or operating its computing network requires computing a hash function like SHA256 or Heavyhash to transform input data into a single output number in a way that is too complex to be undone, which accounts for the bulk of Bitcoin's energy use. In the new work, the researchers modified Heavyhash to work with a co-designed silicon photonic chip carrying a 6x6 network of programmable interferometers. This enabled low-energy optical processing of matrix multiplications, which forms the bulk of the computations.