Air Pollution May Increase Risk of Non-Lung Cancers in the Elderly

Friday - October 20 2023, 16:41 UTC - 1 year ago

Harvard research led by Yaguang Wei has found that prolonged exposure to fine airborne particles (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) might heighten the risk of non-lung cancers in the elderly. Study results indicated that even minimal air pollution exposure could predispose individuals to develop breast and endometrial cancers. Subgroups found to be more susceptible to air pollution exposure were those with higher average BMIs and lower socioeconomic levels in addition to racial or ethnic disparities.

Prolonged exposure to fine airborne particles (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) might heighten the risk of non-lung cancers in the elderly, according to recent research led by the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. In a study encompassing millions of Medicare recipients, researchers found that exposures to PM2.5 and NO2 over a 10-year period increased the risk of developing colorectal and prostate cancers. The findings also indicated that even minimal air pollution exposure could predispose individuals to develop breast and endometrial cancers.

"Our findings uncover the biological plausibility of air pollution as a crucial risk factor in the development of specific cancers, bringing us one step closer to understanding the impact of air pollution on human health," said Yaguang Wei, research fellow in the Department of Environmental Health. "To ensure equitable access to clean air for all populations, we must fully define the effects of air pollution and then work towards reducing it." .

The study was recently published in the journal Environmental Epidemiology.

While air pollution has been established as a risk factor for lung cancer, and a link to breast cancer risk has been emerging, few studies have looked at its effects on prostate, colorectal, and endometrial cancer risk.

Researchers analyzed data from national Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 or older, collected from 2000 to 2016. All subjects were cancer-free for at least the initial 10 years of the study period. The researchers created separate cohorts for each type of cancer—breast, colorectal, endometrial, and prostate—with between 2.2 million and 6.5 million subjects in each cohort. Separate analyses looked at cancer risk under the impacts of air pollutants for various subgroups by factors including age, sex (for colorectal cancer only), race/ethnicity, average BMI, and socioeconomic status.

Drawing from a variety of air pollution data sources, the researchers developed a predictive map of PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations across the contiguous U.S. This was then linked to beneficiaries’ residential ZIP codes to enable the researchers to estimate individual exposures over a 10-year period.

Findings from the nationwide analysis showed that chronic PM2.5 and NO2 exposures increased the risk of developing colorectal and prostate cancers but were not associated with endometrial cancer risk. For breast cancer, NO2 exposure was associated with a decreased risk, while the association for PM2.5 was inconclusive. The researchers suggested that the mixed associations may be due to variations in the chemical composition of PM2.5, which is a complex mixture of solid and liquid particles.

When the analysis was restricted to regions where air pollution levels were significantly below national standards and the composition of PM2.5 remained fairly stable, their effect on breast cancer risk was more pronounced. Stronger associations between exposures to both pollutants and endometrial cancer risk were also found at lower pollution levels.

In their analysis of risk by subgroups, the researchers found evidence suggesting that communities with higher average BMIs have greater susceptibility to air pollution exposures. Risk was also elevated among those with the lowest socioeconomic levels, and racial/ethnic disparities were found in breast cancer risk for certain subgroups.